Sign In

Question Bank Topics

Urethritis

Lesson 28. Urethritis

  PDF Share
Table of Contents
  PDF Share

References

  • Bachmann LH, Manhart LE, Martin DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S763-9.
  • Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Manhart LE, Golden MR. An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:155-60.
  • Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K. Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:476.e1-8.
  • Bowie WR, Alexander ER, Stimson JB, Floyd JF, Holmes KK. Therapy for nongonococcal urethritis: double-blind randomized comparison of two doses and two durations of minocycline. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:306-11.
  • Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:336-45.
  • Burnett AM, Anderson CP, Zwank MD. Laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea and/or chlamydia rates in clinically diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease and cervicitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:1114-7.
  • Charoenwatanachokchai A, Chitwarakorn A, Palanuvej T, Pakdeewong S, Khumhaeng M, Kreaurat M. Azithromycin in non-gonococcal urethritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997;80:440-5.
  • Charoenwatanachokchai A, Chitwarakorn A, Siriwongrangsun P, Pariyasak W, Yenyasun N, Sukwit S. Azithromycin in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis and eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum in female lower genital tract. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997;80:343-7.
  • Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Lancet. 1997;349:1868-73.
  • Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefixime at a 6-h interval. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:35-9.
  • Dehon PM, Hagensee ME, Sutton KJ, Oddo HE, Nelson N, McGowin CL. Histological Evidence of Chronic Mycoplasma genitalium-Induced Cervicitis in HIV-Infected Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1828-35.
  • Dehon PM, McGowin CL. The immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium infections in women: A Narrative Review. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:428-432.
  • Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:73-8.
  • Geisler WM, Yu S, Venglarik M, Schwebke JR. Vaginal leucocyte counts in women with bacterial vaginosis: relation to vaginal and cervical infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:401-5.
  • Geisler WM. Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Adolescents and Adults: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S774-84.
  • Gitau RW, Graham SM, Masese LN, et al. Effect of acquisition and treatment of cervical infections on HIV-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2010;24:2733-7.
  • Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:676-85.
  • Golden MR, Workowski KA, Bolan G. Developing a Public Health Response to Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:S420-S426.
  • Holmes KK, Handsfield HH, Wang SP, et al. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:1199-205.
  • Jernberg E, Moghaddam A, Moi H. Azithromycin and moxifloxacin for microbiological cure of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: an open study. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19:676-9.
  • Jordan SJ, Aaron KJ, Schwebke JR, Van Der Pol BJ, Hook EW 3rd. Defining the Urethritis Syndrome in Men Using Patient Reported Symptoms. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:e40-e42.
  • Kissinger P, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:623-9.
  • Kletzel HH, Rotem R, Barg M, Michaeli J, Reichman O. Ureaplasma urealyticum: the Role as a Pathogen in Women's Health, a Systematic Review. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20:33.
  • Krieger JN, Verdon M, Siegel N, Holmes KK. Natural history of urogenital trichomoniasis in men. J Urol. 1993;149:1455-8.
  • LeFevre ML; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:902-10.
  • Lusk MJ, Konecny P. Cervicitis: a review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:49-55.
  • Manhart LE, Broad JM, Golden MR. Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how? Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53 Suppl 3:S129-42.
  • Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:650-7.
  • Manhart LE, Gillespie CW, Lowens MS, et al. Standard treatment regimens for nongonococcal urethritis have similar but declining cure rates: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:934-42.
  • Manhart LE. Has the time come to systematically test for Mycoplasma genitalium? Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:607-8.
  • Marrazzo JM, Martin DH. Management of women with cervicitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 3:S102-10.
  • Marrazzo JM, Whittington WL, Celum CL, et al. Urine-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:219-25.
  • Marrazzo JM, Wiesenfeld HC, Murray PJ, et al. Risk factors for cervicitis among women with bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:617-24.
  • Martin DH, Pollock S, Kuo CC, Wang SP, Brunham RC, Holmes KK. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men with Reiter's syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:207-13.
  • Mcclelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, et al. Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. AIDS. 2001;15:105-10.
  • McCormack WM, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, et al. Double-blind comparison of trovafloxacin and doxycycline in the treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Trovafloxacin Chlamydial Urethritis/Cervicitis Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:531-6.
  • Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Hua YX, Tamaya T. Adequate levofloxacin treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chemotherapy. 2000;46:150-2.
  • Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Tamaya T. Adequate macrolide treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chemotherapy. 1999;45:396-8.
  • Moi H, Blee K, Horner PJ. Management of non-gonococcal urethritis. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:294.
  • Moi H, Reinton N, Moghaddam A. Mycoplasma genitalium in women with lower genital tract inflammation. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:10-4.
  • Moodley P, Sturm AW. Sexually transmitted infections, adverse pregnancy outcome and neonatal infection. Semin Neonatol. 2000;5:255-69.
  • Ong JJ, Morton AN, Henzell HR, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Virus Urethritis Compared With Chlamydial Urethritis Among Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:121-125.
  • Phillips I, Dimian C, Barlow D, et al. A comparative study of two different regimens of sparfloxacin versus doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;37 Suppl A:123-34.
  • Pitt RA, Alexander S, Horner PJ, Ison CA. Presentation of clinically suspected persistent chlamydial infection: a case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:469-75.
  • Pond MJ, Nori AV, Patel S, et al. Performance evaluation of automated urine microscopy as a rapid, non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:165-70.
  • Read TRH, Fairley CK, Murray GL, et al. Outcomes of resistance-guided sequential treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a prospective evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:554-60.
  • Rietmeijer CA, Mettenbrink CJ. Recalibrating the Gram stain diagnosis of male urethritis in the era of nucleic acid amplification testing. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39:18-20.
  • Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67:1-31.
  • Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women: a randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:49-56.
  • Schwartz MA, Hooton TM. Etiology of nongonococcal nonchlamydial urethritis. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16:727-33, xi.
  • Schwebke JR, Hook EW 3rd. High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: implications for screening and urethritis management. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:465-8.
  • Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens--a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:163-70.
  • Seña AC, Lensing S, Rompalo A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men with nongonococcal urethritis: predictors and persistence after therapy. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:357-65.
  • Stamm WE, Batteiger BE, McCormack WM, Totten PA, Sternlicht A, Kivel NM. A randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose rifalazil with single-dose azithromycin for the empirical treatment of nongonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:545-52.
  • Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, et al. Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study. JAMA. 1995;274:545-9.
  • Stamm WE, Running K, Hale J, Holmes KK. Etiologic role of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with the acute urethral syndrome. Sex Transm Dis. 1983;10:318-22.
  • Steinhandler L, Peipert JF, Heber W, Montagno A, Cruickshank C. Combination of bacterial vaginosis and leukorrhea as a predictor of cervical chlamydial or gonococcal infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:603-7.
  • Stimson JB, Hale J, Bowie WR, Holmes KK. Tetracycline-resistant Ureaplasma urealyticum: a cause of persistent nongonococcal urethritis. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:192-4.
  • Takahashi S, Ichihara K, Hashimoto J, et al. Clinical efficacy of levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother. 2011;17:392-6.
  • Takahashi S, Matsukawa M, Kurimura Y, et al. Clinical efficacy of azithromycin for male nongonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother. 2008;14:409-12.
  • Tan HH, Chan RK. An open label comparative study of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males and Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in female sex workers in an STD clinic in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1999;40:519-23.
  • Taylor SN, DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. Comparison of methylene blue/gentian violet stain to Gram's stain for the rapid diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:995-6.
  • Taylor SN, Lensing S, Schwebke J, et al. Prevalence and treatment outcome of cervicitis of unknown etiology. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:379-85.
  • Taylor SN. Cervicitis of unknown etiology. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:409.
  • Taylor SN. Epididymitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S770-3.
  • Thorpe EM Jr, Stamm WE, Hook EW 3rd, et al. Chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis: single dose treatment compared with doxycycline for seven days in community based practises. Genitourin Med. 1996;72:93-7.
  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA permits marketing of first test to aid in the diagnosis of a sexually-transmitted infection known as Mycoplasma genitalium. January 23, 2019
  • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Diseases characterized by urethritis and cervicitis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
  • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Emerging Issues. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
  • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Special populations. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
  PDF Share

Share by e-mail

Check
-On-
Learning
Questions
The Check-on-Learning Questions are short and topic related. They are meant to help you stay on track throughout each lesson and check your understanding of key concepts.

You must be signed in to customize your interaction with these questions.

Since you've received 80% or better on this quiz, you may claim continuing education credit.

You seem to have a popup blocker enabled. If you want to skip this dialog please Always allow popup windows for the online course.