National STD CurriculumLogo
  • Quick
    Reference

    Quick Reference

    Rapidly access information

    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
  • Self
    Study

    Self Study   Free CNE/CME

    Track your progress and receive CE credit

    1. Chlamydial Infections

      Chlamydial Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for Chlamydial Infection
      7. Treatment of Adolescents and Adults
      8. Management of Sex Partners
      9. Treatment of Neonates and Children
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    2. Gonococcal Infections

      Gonococcal Infections

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Gonococcal Antimicrobial Susceptibility
      4. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnosis
      7. Screening for Gonococcal Infection
      8. Treatment
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    3. Syphilis

      Syphilis

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests
      6. Screening for Syphilis
      7. Treatment
      8. Post-Treatment Follow Up
      9. Management of Sex Partners
      10. Counseling and Education
      11. Prevention
      12. Summary Points
    4. Genital Herpes

      Genital Herpes

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Screening for HSV-2 Infection
      7. Treatment
      8. Genital HSV in Pregnancy and Neonatal Herpes
      9. Prevention
      10. Patient Counseling and Education
      11. Summary Points
    5. Human Papillomavirus Infection

      Human Papillomavirus Infection

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis and Screening Tests
      6. Screening Recommendations for HPV-Related Cancers
      7. Treatment of Anogenital Warts
      8. Prevention of HPV Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    6. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Microbiology and Pathogenesis
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Management of Sex Partners
      8. Counseling and Education
      9. Summary Points
    7. Vaginitis

      Vaginitis

      1. Introduction
      2. Diagnostic Approach for Vaginitis
      3. Bacterial Vaginosis
      4. Trichomoniasis
      5. Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
      6. Summary Points
    8. Mpox

      Mpox

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology
      3. Virology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Clinical Manifestations
      5. Laboratory Diagnosis
      6. Treatment
      7. Infection Control in Health Care Settings
      8. Prevention of Mpox Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
    9. Mycoplasma genitalium

      Mycoplasma genitalium

      1. Introduction
      2. Epidemiology in the United States
      3. Microbiology, Pathogenesis, and Transmission
      4. Antimicrobial Susceptibility in Mycoplasma genitalium
      5. Clinical Manifestations
      6. Laboratory Diagnostic Tests and Resistance Assays
      7. Diagnostic Testing and Screening Guidelines
      8. Treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium Infection
      9. Counseling and Education
      10. Summary Points
  • Question
    Bank
  • STD
    Podcast
  • Mpox
    Guide
  • Clinical
    Consultation
  • Master
    Bibliography
  • Search
  1. Quick Reference
  2. Urethritis
Section Navigation
Section Navigation
  • Module 1 Overview
    STD Question Bank
  • 0%Lesson 1
    Anogenital Warts
    Activities
    1. 0%Lesson 2
      Bacterial Vaginosis
      Activities
      1. 0%Lesson 3
        Candidiasis - Vulvovaginal
        Activities
        1. 0%Lesson 4
          Cervicitis
          Activities
          1. 0%Lesson 5
            Chancroid
            Activities
            1. 5A.Core Concepts
          2. 0%Lesson 6
            Chlamydial Infections
            Activities
            1. 0%Lesson 7
              Epididymitis
              Activities
              1. 0%Lesson 8
                Gonococcal Infections
                Activities
                1. 0%Lesson 9
                  Granuloma Inguinale (Donovanosis)
                  Activities
                  1. 0%Lesson 10
                    Hepatitis A
                    Activities
                    1. 0%Lesson 11
                      Hepatitis B
                      Activities
                      1. 0%Lesson 12
                        Hepatitis C
                        Activities
                        1. 0%Lesson 13
                          Genital Herpes
                          Activities
                          1. 0%Lesson 14
                            HIV Infection
                            Activities
                            1. 0%Lesson 15
                              HPV Infection: Prevention
                              Activities
                              1. 0%Lesson 16
                                HPV-Associated Cancers and Precancers
                                Activities
                                1. 0%Lesson 17
                                  Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)
                                  Activities
                                  1. 0%Lesson 18
                                    Mpox
                                    Activities
                                    1. 0%Lesson 19
                                      Mycoplasma genitalium
                                      Activities
                                      1. 0%Lesson 20
                                        Pediculosis Pubis
                                        Activities
                                        1. 0%Lesson 21
                                          Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
                                          Activities
                                          1. 0%Lesson 22
                                            Penicillin Allergy
                                            Activities
                                            1. 0%Lesson 23
                                              Proctitis, Proctocolitis, and Enteritis
                                              Activities
                                              1. 0%Lesson 24
                                                Scabies
                                                Activities
                                                1. 0%Lesson 25
                                                  Sexual Assault and Abuse and STIs
                                                  Activities
                                                  1. 0%Lesson 26
                                                    Syphilis
                                                    Activities
                                                    1. 0%Lesson 28
                                                      Trichomoniasis
                                                      Activities
                                                      1. 0%Lesson 29
                                                        Urethritis
                                                        Activities
                                                        • Progress Tracker

                                                        Lesson 29. Urethritis

                                                        PDF Share
                                                        Get CE or a Certificate of Completion for this lesson by completing the self-study version
                                                         Free CNE/CME
                                                        Get Credit »
                                                        Table of Contents
                                                        • Urethritis
                                                        • References
                                                          PDF Share

                                                        References

                                                        • Bachmann LH, Manhart LE, Martin DH, et al. Advances in the understanding and treatment of male urethritis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S763-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Barbee LA, Khosropour CM, Dombrowski JC, Manhart LE, Golden MR. An estimate of the proportion of symptomatic gonococcal, chlamydial and non-gonococcal non-chlamydial urethritis attributable to oral sex among men who have sex with men: a case-control study. Sex Transm Infect. 2016;92:155-60.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Bjartling C, Osser S, Persson K. Mycoplasma genitalium in cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease among women at a gynecologic outpatient service. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2012;206:476.e1-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Bowie WR, Alexander ER, Stimson JB, Floyd JF, Holmes KK. Therapy for nongonococcal urethritis: double-blind randomized comparison of two doses and two durations of minocycline. Ann Intern Med. 1981;95:306-11.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Bradshaw CS, Tabrizi SN, Read TR, et al. Etiologies of nongonococcal urethritis: bacteria, viruses, and the association with orogenital exposure. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:336-45.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Burnett AM, Anderson CP, Zwank MD. Laboratory-confirmed gonorrhea and/or chlamydia rates in clinically diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease and cervicitis. Am J Emerg Med. 2012;30:1114-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Charoenwatanachokchai A, Chitwarakorn A, Palanuvej T, Pakdeewong S, Khumhaeng M, Kreaurat M. Azithromycin in non-gonococcal urethritis. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997;80:440-5.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Charoenwatanachokchai A, Chitwarakorn A, Siriwongrangsun P, Pariyasak W, Yenyasun N, Sukwit S. Azithromycin in the treatment of chlamydial cervicitis and eradication of Ureaplasma urealyticum in female lower genital tract. J Med Assoc Thai. 1997;80:343-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Cohen MS, Hoffman IF, Royce RA, et al. Reduction of concentration of HIV-1 in semen after treatment of urethritis: implications for prevention of sexual transmission of HIV-1. AIDSCAP Malawi Research Group. Lancet. 1997;349:1868-73.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Deguchi T, Yasuda M, Yokoi S, et al. Treatment of uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis by double-dosing of 200 mg cefixime at a 6-h interval. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:35-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Dehon PM, Hagensee ME, Sutton KJ, Oddo HE, Nelson N, McGowin CL. Histological Evidence of Chronic Mycoplasma genitalium-Induced Cervicitis in HIV-Infected Women: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Infect Dis. 2016;213:1828-35.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Dehon PM, McGowin CL. The immunopathogenesis of Mycoplasma genitalium infections in women: A Narrative Review. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:428-432.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Falk L, Fredlund H, Jensen JS. Signs and symptoms of urethritis and cervicitis among women with or without Mycoplasma genitalium or Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Sex Transm Infect. 2005;81:73-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Geisler WM, Yu S, Venglarik M, Schwebke JR. Vaginal leucocyte counts in women with bacterial vaginosis: relation to vaginal and cervical infections. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:401-5.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Geisler WM. Diagnosis and Management of Uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis Infections in Adolescents and Adults: Summary of Evidence Reviewed for the 2015 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Sexually Transmitted Diseases Treatment Guidelines. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S774-84.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Gitau RW, Graham SM, Masese LN, et al. Effect of acquisition and treatment of cervical infections on HIV-1 shedding in women on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2010;24:2733-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Golden MR, Whittington WL, Handsfield HH, et al. Effect of expedited treatment of sex partners on recurrent or persistent gonorrhea or chlamydial infection. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:676-85.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Golden MR, Workowski KA, Bolan G. Developing a Public Health Response to Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis. 2017;216:S420-S426.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Holmes KK, Handsfield HH, Wang SP, et al. Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis. N Engl J Med. 1975;292:1199-205.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Jernberg E, Moghaddam A, Moi H. Azithromycin and moxifloxacin for microbiological cure of Mycoplasma genitalium infection: an open study. Int J STD AIDS. 2008;19:676-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Jordan SJ, Aaron KJ, Schwebke JR, Van Der Pol BJ, Hook EW 3rd. Defining the Urethritis Syndrome in Men Using Patient Reported Symptoms. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45:e40-e42.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kissinger P, Mohammed H, Richardson-Alston G, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment for male urethritis: a randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:623-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Kletzel HH, Rotem R, Barg M, Michaeli J, Reichman O. Ureaplasma urealyticum: the Role as a Pathogen in Women's Health, a Systematic Review. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2018;20:33.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Krieger JN, Verdon M, Siegel N, Holmes KK. Natural history of urogenital trichomoniasis in men. J Urol. 1993;149:1455-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • LeFevre ML; U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:902-10.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Lusk MJ, Konecny P. Cervicitis: a review. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008;21:49-55.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Manhart LE, Broad JM, Golden MR. Mycoplasma genitalium: should we treat and how? Clin Infect Dis. 2011;53 Suppl 3:S129-42.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Manhart LE, Critchlow CW, Holmes KK, et al. Mucopurulent cervicitis and Mycoplasma genitalium. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:650-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Manhart LE, Gillespie CW, Lowens MS, et al. Standard treatment regimens for nongonococcal urethritis have similar but declining cure rates: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:934-42.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Manhart LE. Has the time come to systematically test for Mycoplasma genitalium? Sex Transm Dis. 2009;36:607-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Marrazzo JM, Martin DH. Management of women with cervicitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44 Suppl 3:S102-10.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Marrazzo JM, Whittington WL, Celum CL, et al. Urine-based screening for Chlamydia trachomatis in men attending sexually transmitted disease clinics. Sex Transm Dis. 2001;28:219-25.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Marrazzo JM, Wiesenfeld HC, Murray PJ, et al. Risk factors for cervicitis among women with bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2006;193:617-24.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Martin DH, Pollock S, Kuo CC, Wang SP, Brunham RC, Holmes KK. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in men with Reiter's syndrome. Ann Intern Med. 1984;100:207-13.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mcclelland RS, Wang CC, Mandaliya K, et al. Treatment of cervicitis is associated with decreased cervical shedding of HIV-1. AIDS. 2001;15:105-10.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • McCormack WM, Dalu ZA, Martin DH, et al. Double-blind comparison of trovafloxacin and doxycycline in the treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis. Trovafloxacin Chlamydial Urethritis/Cervicitis Study Group. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:531-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Hua YX, Tamaya T. Adequate levofloxacin treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chemotherapy. 2000;46:150-2.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Mikamo H, Sato Y, Hayasaki Y, Tamaya T. Adequate macrolide treatment schedules for uterine cervicitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Chemotherapy. 1999;45:396-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Moi H, Blee K, Horner PJ. Management of non-gonococcal urethritis. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:294.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Moi H, Reinton N, Moghaddam A. Mycoplasma genitalium in women with lower genital tract inflammation. Sex Transm Infect. 2009;85:10-4.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Moodley P, Sturm AW. Sexually transmitted infections, adverse pregnancy outcome and neonatal infection. Semin Neonatol. 2000;5:255-69.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Ong JJ, Morton AN, Henzell HR, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Herpes Simplex Virus Urethritis Compared With Chlamydial Urethritis Among Men. Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44:121-125.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Phillips I, Dimian C, Barlow D, et al. A comparative study of two different regimens of sparfloxacin versus doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in men. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1996;37 Suppl A:123-34.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Pitt RA, Alexander S, Horner PJ, Ison CA. Presentation of clinically suspected persistent chlamydial infection: a case series. Int J STD AIDS. 2013;24:469-75.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Pond MJ, Nori AV, Patel S, et al. Performance evaluation of automated urine microscopy as a rapid, non-invasive approach for the diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Infect. 2015;91:165-70.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Read TRH, Fairley CK, Murray GL, et al. Outcomes of resistance-guided sequential treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infections: a prospective evaluation. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:554-60.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Rietmeijer CA, Mettenbrink CJ. Recalibrating the Gram stain diagnosis of male urethritis in the era of nucleic acid amplification testing. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39:18-20.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schillie S, Vellozzi C, Reingold A, et al. Prevention of Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2018;67:1-31.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schillinger JA, Kissinger P, Calvet H, et al. Patient-delivered partner treatment with azithromycin to prevent repeated Chlamydia trachomatis infection among women: a randomized, controlled trial. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:49-56.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schwartz MA, Hooton TM. Etiology of nongonococcal nonchlamydial urethritis. Dermatol Clin. 1998;16:727-33, xi.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schwebke JR, Hook EW 3rd. High rates of Trichomonas vaginalis among men attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic: implications for screening and urethritis management. J Infect Dis. 2003;188:465-8.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Schwebke JR, Rompalo A, Taylor S, et al. Re-evaluating the treatment of nongonococcal urethritis: emphasizing emerging pathogens--a randomized clinical trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52:163-70.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Seña AC, Lensing S, Rompalo A, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Trichomonas vaginalis infections in men with nongonococcal urethritis: predictors and persistence after therapy. J Infect Dis. 2012;206:357-65.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Stamm WE, Batteiger BE, McCormack WM, Totten PA, Sternlicht A, Kivel NM. A randomized, double-blind study comparing single-dose rifalazil with single-dose azithromycin for the empirical treatment of nongonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2007;34:545-52.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Stamm WE, Hicks CB, Martin DH, et al. Azithromycin for empirical treatment of the nongonococcal urethritis syndrome in men. A randomized double-blind study. JAMA. 1995;274:545-9.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Stamm WE, Running K, Hale J, Holmes KK. Etiologic role of Mycoplasma hominis and Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with the acute urethral syndrome. Sex Transm Dis. 1983;10:318-22.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Steinhandler L, Peipert JF, Heber W, Montagno A, Cruickshank C. Combination of bacterial vaginosis and leukorrhea as a predictor of cervical chlamydial or gonococcal infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:603-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Stimson JB, Hale J, Bowie WR, Holmes KK. Tetracycline-resistant Ureaplasma urealyticum: a cause of persistent nongonococcal urethritis. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94:192-4.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Takahashi S, Ichihara K, Hashimoto J, et al. Clinical efficacy of levofloxacin 500 mg once daily for 7 days for patients with non-gonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother. 2011;17:392-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Takahashi S, Matsukawa M, Kurimura Y, et al. Clinical efficacy of azithromycin for male nongonococcal urethritis. J Infect Chemother. 2008;14:409-12.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Tan HH, Chan RK. An open label comparative study of azithromycin and doxycycline in the treatment of non-gonococcal urethritis in males and Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in female sex workers in an STD clinic in Singapore. Singapore Med J. 1999;40:519-23.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Taylor SN, DiCarlo RP, Martin DH. Comparison of methylene blue/gentian violet stain to Gram's stain for the rapid diagnosis of gonococcal urethritis in men. Sex Transm Dis. 2011;38:995-6.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Taylor SN, Lensing S, Schwebke J, et al. Prevalence and treatment outcome of cervicitis of unknown etiology. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40:379-85.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Taylor SN. Cervicitis of unknown etiology. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2014;16:409.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Taylor SN. Epididymitis. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61 Suppl 8:S770-3.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • Thorpe EM Jr, Stamm WE, Hook EW 3rd, et al. Chlamydial cervicitis and urethritis: single dose treatment compared with doxycycline for seven days in community based practises. Genitourin Med. 1996;72:93-7.
                                                          [PubMed Abstract] -
                                                        • U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA permits marketing of first test to aid in the diagnosis of a sexually-transmitted infection known as Mycoplasma genitalium. January 23, 2019
                                                          [FDA News Release] -
                                                        • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Diseases characterized by urethritis and cervicitis. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
                                                          [2015 STD Treatment Guidelines] -
                                                        • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Emerging Issues. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
                                                          [2015 STD Treatment Guidelines] -
                                                        • Workowski KA, Bolan GA; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015. Special populations. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2015;64(No. RR-3):1-137.
                                                          [2015 STD Treatment Guidelines] -

                                                        Share by e-mail

                                                        Check
                                                        -On-
                                                        Learning
                                                        Questions
                                                        The Check-on-Learning Questions are short and topic related. They are meant to help you stay on track throughout each lesson and check your understanding of key concepts.

                                                        You must be signed in to customize your interaction with these questions.

                                                        Funded by

                                                        Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
                                                        Cooperative Agreement (CDC-RFA-PS20-2004)

                                                        Created at University of Washington
                                                        Part of IDEA Platform
                                                        CME provided by University of Alabama Birmingham
                                                        CNE approved by Oregon Nurses Association
                                                        National STD CurriculumLogo

                                                        Self-Study Lessons

                                                        Quick Reference » Self Study »

                                                        About the Curriculum

                                                        About » Contributors »
                                                        Copyright © 2025 National STD Curriculum
                                                        • Contact Us |
                                                        • Terms and Conditions |
                                                        • Privacy Policy |
                                                        • CE (CNE/CME) Notices

                                                        Since you've received 80% or better on this quiz, you may claim continuing education credit.

                                                        You seem to have a popup blocker enabled. If you want to skip this dialog please Always allow popup windows for the online course.

                                                        Current Version: nstdc-monorepo-f4d85036-2025-07-28-151935
                                                        Please provide a valid email address.
                                                        Please provide your password.
                                                        Forgot password?
                                                        Become a New User

                                                        Account Registration Benefits:

                                                        • Track your progress on the lessons
                                                        • Earn free CNE/CME/CE
                                                        • Earn Certificates of Completion
                                                        • Access to other free IDEA curricula

                                                        Create a free account to get started

                                                        Register